Distance education programs an Example by

Separation instruction programs Presentation The subject of separation learning programs, of those current in ancestral universities and the idea of bringing DL into other innately controlled foundations, is the accompanying assemblage of data, questing for the appropriate response if separation learning programs have an advantage to those inside the inborn and reservation networks. A few subtopics will be talked about over the span of the report, covering the subjects of innate universities and some history according to the arrangement of this scholarly foundation (through assessment of two school programs), features of separation learning programs and their substance, brief insights about current reservation life, and the learning styles, in light of conventional childhood and qualities, of Native American understudies, alongside significant rates of drop-out rates, continuing to an end. Need exposition test on Separation training programs theme? We will compose a custom exposition test explicitly for you Continue Innate Colleges Two innate schools, of the 24 ancestrally controlled foundations (2002), Oglala Lakota College and Northwest Indian College, stand apart for assessment of history, degree contributions, and accessibility of separation learning programs. Oglala Lakota College The primary innately controlled school in the United States, OLC is situated in Kyle, South Dakota; this is the fundamental place, also called Plya Wiconi (OLC site). Since its beginnings, a few different destinations have been set up all through the state to encourage instructing inborn networks, of the Lakota country specifically. This scholastic establishment is situated on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, thought about the most unfortunate reservation, by monetary measures. Authorized and represented by the clan, the school tries to address the issues of the booking inhabitants in quest for advanced education. A 13 part Board of Trustees, included nine reservation locale agents, two ancestral chamber individuals, one OST president or somebody of assignment, and one understudy delegate, supervise choices, new thoughts, ventures plans, and so on.. Sanctioned in 1971 as the Lakota Education Center, OLC began as a non-certify learning place for inborn inhabitants, working in relationship with Black Hills State College, University of South Dakota, and South Dakota State University with different degree programs. Albeit thought about a confounded instructive framework, it was useful for understudies going to those starting years (OLC site). The principal partner degrees were granted in 1974, and in 1978, the schools name changed to Oglala Sioux Community College. Degree contributions at the time were: BA Elementary Education, AA Education, General Studies, and Lakota Studies, alongside AS Human Services and Nursing. The 1980s saw numerous progressions for OLC, beginning with qualification for accreditation in 1983, alongside another name change which mirrored the status from a junior college to a multi year scholarly organization, alongside utilizing appropriate terms, as indicated by semantics and social mindfulness. Oglala Lakota College turned into the name for the school; there is no word in the communitys language for the word Sioux, in this way the word Lakota, which means the individuals, came into utilization (OLC site). 1987, into the time of the 90s, explicitly 1992 and 1994, saw developments with existing projects and degree accessibility. The accompanying degrees opened up to understudies: BA Lakota Studies, BS Human Services and Applied Sciences, and MA Tribal Leadership. As of now, with respect to remove learning programs, the Information Technology division for OLC utilizes separation learning/online program apparatuses; something else, making and using a completely practical and beneficial both for the school and the understudy body-separation learning program is under assessment for thought of development of the universities accessible projects. OLC board individuals have confidence in the way of thinking of on-line courses, as a result of the idea of self-guided investigation, can introduce a chance to fit the scholarly community into normal life (OLC site). Northwest Indian College Established in 1973 on the Lummi Indian Reservation in Washington State, NWIC started as the Lummi Indian School of Aquaculture; right up 'til the present time, this scholarly foundation remains as the main authorize inborn school covering the conditions of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho (NWIC site). Since the start, the way of thinking of NWIC has been to give post-auxiliary training inside the booking network and that mindfulness fills in as the establishment for accomplishing certainty, regard, a genuine feeling of pride, centers around building a vocation, making an independent way of life, and advancing long lasting learning through the investigation of culture, qualities, and history of the individuals of the inborn network (NWIC site). The Lummi Indian Business Council perceived the instructive needs of the network in 1983, and in this manner contracted the school as the Lummi Community College. After five years, the school was endorsed for accreditation by the Northwest Association of Schools and Colleges however was not conceded full accreditation until 1993. 1989 saw the name change by and by, and the scholarly foundation got known as the Northwest Indian College, getting perceived as a multi year scholastic foundation (NWIC site). The degrees and authentications accessible through the school are: AA Native American Studies, Oksale Native Education, and General Direct Transfer Degree; AS Life Sciences; AT Chemical Dependency Studies, Computer Maintenance and Networking, and Individualized Program. Declaration programs are: Native American Studies, Computer Repair Technician, and Individualized Program. Northwest Indian College at present has a completely utilitarian separation learning program, which covers three distinct availabilities for gaining endlessly from the grounds condition. Live intelligent video, which uses K-20 Network (explicitly concerning the tri-state inclusion), and associates the accompanying inborn networks, to learning through the system: Makah, Swinomish, Tulalip, and Chief Leschi. On-line learning utilizes WebCT (other inborn schools are turning towards this outlet for learning or trying different things with its accessibility and utilization), which offers electronic courses; this can be totally online investigation or actualized as a supplemental substance to a standard homeroom course. Understudies with a PC, internet browser, and association with the web are qualified for this program outlet. Free picking up, taking another bearing, is an individual, self-guided investigation coordinated by an educator using composed materials or week by week video chats or tapes. Correspondence among educator and understudy happens through telephone, fax, or email (NWIC site). Separation Learning Programs As ahead of schedule as 2002, development in on-line separation programs has been taken note. At that point, over a large portion of a million understudies were enlisted for the 2001-2002 scholastic year. Transforming that into educational cost dollars, the venture for on-line enlistment remained at $2.4 billion (Gallagher, 2003). A 40% yearly development was anticipated to follow in the 2003-2004 scholarly year, which connoted a 5% expansion in separation learning programs. Separation learning is by all accounts filled by the turn of events and specialized advances of online innovation (Gruedemann, 2007). The consistency of serving neighborhood networks, and connecting with significant distance students also (considered the most up to date wave in showcasing procedures to keep gaining benefits for schools offering separation learning programs), making the projects available and adaptable to grown-up understudies, in view of value and cost, while tending to different program prerequisites, is the premise of separation learning programs, enveloping different techniques for achieving scholarly objectives (Gallagher, 2003). Albeit some employees and understudies battle to learn and educate inside the rules of modified jobs, and there is proof of absence of up close and personal association, the advantages of separation learning programs are found through the simplicity of decided time for considering and complying with task time constraints for turning in c ompleted materials, dynamic learning is engaged with spurring the understudy to participate in procuring information, groundwork for genuine work is progressively substantial, basic reasoning aptitudes improve with autonomous investigation, and a fulfillment with the learning style can be noted among certain understudies (Gruendemann, 2007). Reservation life-current conditions In spite of the fact that, since the primary contact and throughout history, European Americans have frequently twisted the truth of Native American people group through romanticizism, generalizing, and appropriating otherworldliness, the inverse is to be found inside the innate network (Waller, Okamoto, Hankerson, Hibbeler, Hibbeler, McIntyre, and McAllen-Walker, 2002). There are at present 202 clans, with 1.5 million dwelling on reservation land. Local Americans living on reservations despite everything keep on encountering high paces of joblessness and bastard hope among the most elevated anyplace in the nation. Reservations, for example, the Cheyenne Indian River Reservation, situated in South Dakota, needs water frameworks, making clean conditions about unthinkable, and the ancestral individuals who are utilized, make due on short of what 33% of the American normal salary (Gundrum, 2007). The most popular case of poor day to day environments and the countries most financially crushed network is the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, likewise situated in South Dakota. This booking has been the point of convergence of numerous occasions ever; the Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890 which US mounted force men slaughtered 300 men, ladies, and youngsters, the AIM (American Indian Movement) central command of the 1970s, a few stalemates among conventionalists a nd the government oversee

Marilyn Monroe An AllAmerican Sex Goddess or Hollywood Tragedy essays

Marilyn Monroe An AllAmerican Sex Goddess or Hollywood Tragedy papers Marilyn Monroe: An All-American Sex Goddess or Hollywood Tragedy? At the point when somebody specifies Marilyn Monroe, one generally thinks off the enticing all-American sex goddess who caught the world with her lady innocent appeal. However very few know her as the ill-conceived kid who persevered through an adolescence of destitution and hopelessness, sexual maltreatment, and years in encourage home and halfway houses. A great many people dont understand that her upset cold youth may been the primary motivation to her initial passing. Norma Jeane Bakers father, Edward Mortenson, had abandoned her mom, Gladys Baker ne Monroe, before she was conceived on June, 1 1926, in the cause ward of Los Angeles General Hospital. Due to Gladys unsteadiness and the way that she was unmarried at that point, Norma Jeane was set in a cultivate home. At 7 years old, Norma Jeane lived quickly with her mom. Gladys started to give indications of mental despondency, and after a year she was admitted to a rest home. Norma Jeane was then positioned with a family companion for a year until being put in another halfway house for an additional two years. Norma Jeane was once heard to think about this time and state: My general surroundings at that point was somewhat grim...I needed to figure out how to imagine all together to...I dont know.. obstruct the dreariness. The entire world seen kind of shut to me..(I felt) outwardly of everything, and everything I could do was to cook up any sort of imagine game. (MarilynMonroe,ionet.net/~jellenc/mmbio3.html) In 1941, Norma Jeane again lived with a family companion when she met Jim Dougherty, who was 5 years more established than her. They at that point wedded on June 19, 1942. Effortlessness Mckee (family companion she was living with) masterminded the marriage for me, I never had quite a bit of a decision. Theres very little to state about it. They couldnt support me, and they needed to work out something. Thus I got hitched. (Marilyn Monroe) Jim joined the Marines in 1943 and ... <!

OCD in Children Differs From Adults

OCD in Children Differs From Adults OCD Types Print How OCD in Children Differs From Adults Important Differences Between OCD in Adults and Children By Owen Kelly, PhD Updated on January 23, 2020 Atsushi Yamada / Getty Images More in OCD Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Living With OCD Related Conditions Although many people think of OCD as a disorder that affects only adults, children are also affected. While there are many similarities between adult-onset and childhood-onset OCD, there are also many important differences, too. Lets take a look. How OCD Manifests in Children OCD is said to be childhood-onset if symptoms, such as obsessions and compulsions, occur before puberty. Between 1 and 3% of children will develop OCD and the average age of onset is approximately 10 years of age, although children as young as 5 or 6 may develop the illness. Interestingly, while boys are more commonly affected by childhood-onset OCD, this trend reverses following puberty. As well, boys with childhood-onset OCD appear to have a greater risk for related conditions including tic disorders. As children are often just learning to think abstractly, they often have less insight into their obsessions than adults. This, combined with a limited and/or developing verbal ability can make it difficult to make a proper diagnosis. As well, the content of children’s obsessions can be different from that of adults. For example, it is not uncommon for children with OCD to have specific obsessions related to the death of their parents. The rituals or compulsions of children may also be more likely to involve or be centered around family members than adults. As well, children’s obsessions rarely emphasize sexual themes, although it is important to note that adolescents may actually experience a greater incidence of sexually-focused obsessions. Finally, children with OCD may hoard more frequently than adults with the disorder. Childhood-onset OCD also seems to signal a higher risk of genetic transmission of OCD, tic disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Treating OCD in Children As with adult-onset OCD, the current recommended treatment for childhood-onset OCD is a combination of individual or group cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) and medications that augment levels of the neurochemical serotonin such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). When undertaking CBT with children, it is essential the parents be educated and involved. Indeed, research suggests that parental involvement is a strong predictor of treatment success. It may also be helpful to emphasize to children that it is their OCD who is the “bad guy” who is responsible for their symptoms and they and their parents are the “good guys.” Such a technique can help reduce the chances a child will feel blame or shame for having OCD. Of course, given the sometimes limited cognitive abilities of children, the explanation of abstract concepts needs to be done in a way that is appropriate for the age of the child. Get Treatment With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs PANDAS: A Special Case of OCD in Children Sometimes OCD in children can be caused by an autoimmune reaction within the brain. A disease known as Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections (or “PANDAS”) is thought to be triggered by an infection of the same bacteria that causes strep throat and scarlet fever. As the child’s immune system fights the strep infection, it becomes confused and starts to attack an area of the brain called the basal ganglia. Although changes in a number of brain areas underlie symptoms of OCD, abnormalities of the basal ganglia have been associated with symptoms of OCD. Whereas the symptoms of regular OCD develop slowly, the onset of the PANDAS form of OCD is rapid.

Book Review Adventures On The Alimentary Canal By Mary...

Gulp: Adventures on the Alimentary Canal by Mary Roach is a truly fascinating novel that explores the body’s digestive system, beginning at the nose and ending with the rectum. Roach encaptures the reader with a not-so encapturing topic, and throughout the book uses humor and startling facts to keep the reader engaged. Gulp is not only about the human digestive system, but humans as people as well. Roach dives into cultural differences, provides interesting historical facts, and explores scientific investigations all while informing the reader on the human digestive system. The book begins with the nose, surprisingly, in which Roach informs the reader that eighty to ninety percent of the sensory experience of eating is olfaction, the sense of smell (Roach 24). Roach introduces the reader to Sue Langstaff, a sensory analyst, and takes the reader through her experience of training to be apart of the new UC Davis Olive Oil Taste Panel. Roach explains how humans perceive different tastes and smells, and how important sensory analysts and panels are to product development. She goes on to explain how humans differ from their pets in the sense of what they like to eat, due to the difference of how animals and humans perceive different flavors. Humans tend to feed their pets based on their own food preferences, but since animals have different senses of taste than humans, they may not like the food their owners give them. Speaking of preferences, Roach dives into the depths of why

Macbeth Equivocation Essay - 1003 Words

The story of William Shakespeare’s Macbeth is a classic one of betrayal and destiny. One of the major themes of the play is the use of equivocation to create ambiguity. The definition of equivocation from the Oxford dictionary is: the use of ambiguous language to conceal the truth or to avoid committing oneself; prevarication. The very definition of equivocation contains the use of ambiguity, thus making the two very connected in terms of the story of the play. Equivocation is used multiple times throughout the piece to create a sense of uncertainty, which in turn makes the reader not sure of what will happen next. This makes the reading of the play very compelling. Shakespeare uses equivocation to make the reader think one thing,†¦show more content†¦Macbeth himself is written like a double meaning, having the characteristics of one personality, while possessing the features of another. Macbeth, being the title character, is the main focus of the story. He is the protagonist. In the beginning, Shakespeare writes Macbeth as being the noblest of warriors. It is only after Macbeth learns from the witches that he will become the King that his personality begins to change. He goes from being the quintessential protagonist, to a scheming and paranoid villain. He schemes with Lady Macbeth to kill King Duncan, who is portrayed as a kind and just ruler. In the act of killing Duncan, Macbeth becomes the antagonist and Macduff, the one who makes it his mission to dethrone Macbeth. Because of Macbeth’s status as a tragic hero, he falls from grace and heroism to shame and villainy. These characteristics are conflicting, therefore making Macbeth a walking equivocation, a living embodiment of a double meaning. This makes the reader unsure of Macbeth’s fate. Shakespeare makes the audience unsure of what Macbeth will do next, if he will redeem himself or continue on his downward spiral of darkness. William Shakespeare uses the unc ertainty and ambiguity that accompanies the theme of equivocation to make the reader not know what to expect. Equivocation is used to showcase the tragic hero fall that Macbeth experiences. Without the use of equivocation, the story would be more predictableShow MoreRelatedAllegorical Elements In Macbeth Essay761 Words   |  4 PagesThe use of allegorical devices within Macbeth can also be used as a way of discussing internal political and ethical perspectives. Shakespeare condemns equivocation within the narrative, â€Å"Faith here’s an equivocator that could swear in both the scales against either scale who committed treason enough for Gods sake, yet could not equivocate to heaven† . This is probably in reference to the Jesuit, Henry Garnet a man who was tried and executed for his role in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. Garnet publishedRead MoreExplore the Link Between Ambition and Evil in Lord of the Flies and Macbeth976 Words   |  4 Pagestruly is the source of all evil. In Macbeth, Shakespeare does well to disguise ambition as the true source of villainy, behind the faà §ade that is Lady Macbeth and the witches. Without ambition, there would never be any action, no good, no evil, would Eve have picked the apple from the garden of Eden, without the ambition to gain further knowledge? The two traits of evil and ambition are well aligned in both pieces of literature, and too in real life, and this essay aims to explore the link they shareRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 997 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth Essay Final Draft The catalyst that initiated World War 1 is the murdering of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinad in June 28, 1914. In Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the witches are the main catalyst to all of Macbeth’s crimes. 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In TheRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pagesoverwhelming space, danger, instability; whereas earth connotes safety, fertility and stability. 28. claim-to assert or maintain as a fact: Ex. She claimed that he was telling the truth. 29. classification and division- In a classification essay, a writer organizes, or sorts, things into categories. Division separates items into categories. 30. coherence- logical interconnection; overall sense or understandability. The property of unity in a written text or a segment of spoken discourse

Is Pvc Acceptable for Gas Furnace Flue Free Essays

Is PVC an acceptable vent material for flue gases? Installing a new water heater or furnace can be tricky for the novice HVAC technician. There are many checks that need to be done and codes that need to be followed. While not being complete with the internals can lead to a harmful situation, one of the most important decisions that you will have to make is what material you should make the flue out of. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Pvc Acceptable for Gas Furnace Flue? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most furnace flues are made out of a metal material which is a proper decision do the high temperatures released through the flue during the use of the furnace. Due to the cost of metal, some technicians have chosen to use PVC pipe as material for furnace flues as a less expensive alternative. Polyvinyl Chloride, otherwise known as PVC is a hard plastic pipe typically used in plumbing applications. Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe is the third most widely produced plastic in the world behind only polyethylene and polypropylene. Wikipedia quotes that PVC is â€Å"cheaper and stronger than more traditional alternatives such as copper or ductile iron. It can be made softer and more flexible by the addition of plasticizes, the widely used Phthlates. In this form, it is used in clothing , upholstery, and electrical insulation. † After inspections of commercial and residential installations, Inspectors have discovered that using PVC pipe can lead to destructive and possibly harmful conditions. It was noted that if the water heater scales up due to minerals in the water supply, it can cause the flue gas temperatures to rise which can lead to the fittings and pipe melting. Melting of the PVC pipe can be very dangerous. If behind a wall or in the ceiling, a melted pipe can leak condensation and create mold growth behind drywall. Even more dangerous is the release of carbon monoxide gas out of a melted pipe. Carbon Monoxide is a lethal gas and can lead to a fatal situation. Manufacturers sometimes recommend using PVC for their installations. Research has found that although they recommend using PVC pipe, it is not necessarily safe and I would not recommend using it due to the melting hazard. The funny part I find is that although there is not a standard in any of the codes in the United States for PVC or plastic combustion flue vents, most manufactures ask you to reference the U. S. code. There is a Canadian standard which allows temperatures of the flue to exceed the temperatures limits of the manufacturer of the PVC material. The Canadian standard (ULC S636) covers the venting of gas fired appliances. It classifies the temperatures of the venting systems in three different classes. The fist class is a class one venting system for gas fired appliances producing flue temperatures of 135 degrees C (275 F) but not more than 245 C (473 F). A class two venting system produces temperatures of 135 C (275 F). A class three venting system is classified into 4 temperatures. 1) up to and including 65 C. 2) up to and including 90 C. 3) up to and including 110 C. 4) up to and including 135 C. I did a little research on a major manufacture of PVC and other plastics, JM Eagle, and could not find any PVC manufactures that can reach those limitations as gas flue temperatures can reach above 250 F. In closing and after my research, I find that using Stainless steel for your gas furnace or boiler flue is not only essential but necessary as a safety precaution. Although it is a little more expensive, you will not have the melting hazard and the risk of the release of Carbon Monoxide. ———————————————————————————————————- References: http://www. plumbingengineer. com/may_11/code. php Is PVC an acceptable vent material for flue gases? By Ron George CPD http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride www. jmeagle. com How to cite Is Pvc Acceptable for Gas Furnace Flue?, Essay examples

Connection Between Urinary Tract Infectionsâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Connection Between Urinary Tract Infections? Answer: Introducation A Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) occurs when bacteria in the bladder, urethra or kidneys multiplies into the urinary tract. Acute kidney disease (AKD) occurs when the kidneys no longer have the ability to get rid of excess fluids, salts and waste from the blood. The connection between a UTI and Acute Kidney disease is that when the former is left untreated, it could lead to acute kidney disease. This could in turn lead to the permanent damage of vital organs and eventually lead to kidney failure. One of the symptoms of a UTI and acute kidney disease is flank pain which was evident in the patient (Prakash Ramasubramanian, 2016). This is pain experienced on one side of the body between the hips and ribs or between the abdomen and the back. Flank pain can be considered a sign of a kidney problem. Additionally, the patient showed some signs of confusion and this is another symptom of acute kidney disease as well as UTI in senior patients. Another symptom of UTI observed on the patient wa s the discharge of cloudy and concentrated urine which had a foul smell (Allen, 2016). Explain the clinical association or relationship between UTI and confusion in the elderly. A UTI can be the cause of confusion as well as other symptoms of dementia in senior patients. This is sometimes mistaken for the very early stages of Alzheimers disease or dementia.The symptom of confusion in a patient suffering from a UTI may be vague and can mimic other health conditions.Since confusion is usually a vague and uncommon symptom of UTIs, it makes it difficult to make a diagnosis in older patients (Nicolle, 2016). Thus, a simple urinalysis is conducted upon the suspicion of a UTI as in Johns case whose results showed that he indeed had a UTI. When an older patient has the classic symptoms of a UTI, they may not be in a position to inform their care givers. This is usually because of age-related issues such as Alzheimers disease or dementia that bring about some confusion. Dementia also puts elderly patients at the risk of contracting a UTI and it is sometimes termed as a risk factor. It is important to look out for signs of confusion in senior adults because they may n ot exhibit the common signs of a UTI (Balogun Philbrick, 2014). This is because their immune systems are not entirely capable of mounting a significant response to such an infection. Besides the absence of noticeable signs in majority of the older individuals fail to or cannot express their levels of discomfort to care providers (Mitchell, Fasugba, Beckingham, Bennett Gardner, 2016). Describe why Johns clinical signs have climbed now. Johns clinical signs have climbed up beyond the normal vital sign ranges for an average adult who is healthy because of the UTI infection. His temperature is at 400C which is above the average 370C for a healthy adult. He was breathing at 26 breaths per minute while a healthy adult breaths 12 to 18 breaths per minute. His pulse was at 102 bpm whilst the rate should be at 60 to 102 bpm. This can also be associated with his past medical history of asthma and congestive heart failure. If at all the heart failure had gone untreated, it could have caused the complications of kidney damage or failure. This is because heart failure reduces the flow of blood to the kidneys and if left untreated, one suffers from kidney failure (Jarvis, Chan Gottlieb, 2014). He may have acquired these diseases from tobacco use when he smoked during his outdoor work. Besides smoking, the asthma could have been caused by airborne substances like dust and pollen or air irritants and pollutants such as smoke sin ce he used to do an outdoor job at the city council. He is an Aboriginal who used to work and live alone and this could have triggered strong emotions and stress that could have caused the asthma and now the rise of his vital signs that show he has an infection. What therapy is needed for John? John should undergo antibiotic therapy as an inpatient since he has symptoms of a UTI. UTI is common the elderly and if left untreated, it can lead to serious health implications. In this case, as an elderly adult male, he should undergo a 10-14 days course antibiotic therapy, which will help relieve his symptoms. However, it is always recommended that an antibiotic culture should not be embarked on until a culture and sensitivity test is carried out (Rowe Mehta, 2013). The results from the sample urine helps to avoid unnecessary use of broad courses of antibiotic treatment. In this case, his vital signs are not stable and there could be no time to wait for additional information. With the help of the urinalysis results, the best course of antibiotic therapy could be prescribed, which can clear the symptoms of the infection. However, depending on the nature of the infection, it is recommended that he first undergoes initial treatment by being administered to intravenous (IV) antimic robial therapy. This could be in the form of a fluoroquinolone, a third-generation cephalosporin or an aminoglycoside as well as amoxicillin (Jarvis, Chan Gottlieb, 2014). Since the patient has a history of congestive heart failure which could be a risk factor for acute kidney disease, the antimicrobial coverage ought to be broadened and an agent such as antipseudomonal could be added. Additionally, the course of antibiotic administered is influenced by the local resistance patterns (Jarvis, Chan Gottlieb, 2014). The antibiotic coverage could be readjusted later based on the results from the culture and sensitivities. Dietary considerations should also be taken with high regard including sufficient fluids (Broom, Broom, Kirby Adams, 2016). References Allen, C. (2016). Education extra: Recurrent urinary tract infections. Australian Pharmacist 35(2), 36. Balogun, S. A., Philbrick, J. T. (2014). Delirium, a symptom of UTI IN the elderly: fact or fable? A systematic review. Canadian Geriatrics Journal, 17(1), 22. Broom., A., Broom J., Kirby, E., Adams, J. (2016). The social dynamics of antibiotic use in an Australian hospital. Journal of Sociology, 52(4), 824-839. Jarvis, T. R., Chan, L., Gottlieb, T. (2014). Assessment and management of lower urinary tract infection in adults. Issues, 1. Mitchell, B. G., Fasugba, O., Beckingham, W., Bennett, N., Gardner, A. (2016). A point prevalence study of healthcare associated urinary tract infections in Australian acute and aged care facilities. Infection, Disease Health, 21(1), 26-31. Nicolle, L. E. (2016). Urinary tract infections in older adult. Clinics in geriatric medicine, 32(3), 523-538. Prakash, K. C., Ramasubramanian, V. (2016). Urinary Tract Infection. Manual Nephrology, 226. Rowe, T. A., Juthani-Mehta, M. (2013). Urinary tract infection in older adults. Aging health, 9(5), 519-528.

Implicit Leadership Theories free essay sample

Since the beginning of leadership literature, many researchers and studies tried to explain effective leadership from different perspectives. Early studies focused on the identification of traits that distinguished leaders from followers. Despite many studies have been carried out in the field, there was no universal list of traits presented containing characteristics that would guarantee success of leaders (Lussier Achua, 2004). This failure led to the shift of attention towards behavioral leadership theories. Researchers tried to identify differences in the behavior of effective and ineffective leaders. Although several widely-used behavioral models have been built up, such as Mintzberg’s leadership theory, there was no ultimate agreement among researchers of the field, because studies generated mixed results (Lussier Achua, 2004; Kenney et al. , 1994). As a result, scholar’s interest turned towards contingency leadership theories, which aim to explain the required leadership style, given certain leader traits and/or behaviors, followers and situation Categories not only provide shared systems of names, but also help individuals to simplify the external world. We will write a custom essay sample on Implicit Leadership Theories or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This simplification is especially important, since individuals are incapable of remembering on all the relevant information observed about an individual. When the stimulus had been compared to the potential preexisting categories, and placed in one of the categories based on the similarity to its members, in the following the characteristics of the category, not the observed information itself helps the individual to interpret the stimulus’ behavior. With other words, categorization helps the organizational sensemaking process (Lord et al. , 1984; Foti Lord, 1987; Phillips, 1984; Kenney et al. , 1994). This is why ILTs do not represent objective realities (Epitropaki Martin, 2004). According to Lord et al. (1984), the matching process of the stimulus to the preexisting categories is an automated, unconscious process. While simplifying the concept of ILTs, Kenney at al. (1994) acknowledge that leadership lies in the eyes of the observer. As they explain, follower responsiveness is the key to effective leadership. In order for a leader to be able to utilize his or her power, the significant moderating effect of leadership perception needs to be considered. Keller (2003) also points out that the importance of ILTs originates from its potential influence on the leader-follower interaction. Keller (2000, 2003) mention in her studies that the formulation of the schemas are not only affected by early childhood experiences, parent-child relationships, and parental traits and behaviors, but personality traits of the observer (Lord et al. , 1999) as well. Although this suggests that there might be significant differences in the different preexisting categories of different individuals, these differences remained unexamined to date. More attention has been paid to the perception differences on country level. Numerous studies detail the effect of culture on ILTs (Dorfman et al. , 2004; House Javidan, 2004). Moreover, studies also mention the potential effect of the gender of the stimulus on the observants’ perceptions (Phillips, 1984; Lord et al. , 1984; Cronshaw Lord, 1987). The following chapter will further elaborate on the relationship between ILTs and the effect of cultural differences on it, and the effect of the leader’s gender on ILTs. Implicit Leadership Theories and Culture The cross-cultural literature has very often drawn a strong link between culture and leadership styles. Shaw (1990) explained in his study how culture effects leadership on three fields: in the content of employee/manager schemas, in the structure of schemas, and in the automatic or controlled way of information-processing of individuals. His study concludes that there are culturally influenced differences in leadership prototypes across different cultures. These different prototypes are usually referred to as Culturally Endorsed Implicit Leadership Theories (CLTs) (Koopman, den Hartog Konrad, 1999). Dorfman, Hanges Brodbeck (2004) examined in their study whether the structure and content of cultural belief systems will be reflected in the CLTs as well. They expected to have positive relationship between cultures and CLTs based on the argumentation that over time, members of the same cultural clusters start to share common beliefs about leaders, they develop leadership prototypes. These common leadership clusters are the function of the common values, expectations and behaviors of the given culture. They used data gathered during the GLOBE project to find evidence for their hypothesis. Their findings show that the societies studied had a unique profile concerning the culturally endorsed implicit theory of leadership (House at al. 004). The findings also show that the differences in CLTs across cultures are more strongly associated with the cultural values (Should Be items on the questionnaire) than with cultural practices (As Is items on the questionnaire). As Dorfman, Hanges Brodbeck (2004, p. 701) explain, this finding seems to be logical, since â€Å"values reflect an idealized state of what should be and, therefore, ought to c orrespond to individuals’ implicit beliefs regarding idealized leadership attitudes†. Studies examining CLTs have three shortcomings. First of all they are usually U. S. based, and aim to set up leadership prototypes based on the U. S. sample (Schein, 1973, 1975; Brenner et al. 1989; Heliman et al. 1989). Other studies, although numerous, base their research on the findings of the GLOBE study (Koopman et al. 1999; Dorfman House, 2004; House et al. 2002; Dorfman et al. 2004; Paris, 2004). Most of the publishing experts belong to the GLOBE researcher circle, thus publishing studies with very similar content. The third limitation of these studies was the lack of combination of ILTs with the culture and gender dimensions. Although Schein and Muller already realized these shortcomings, they only compared the U. S. with two developed Western-European countries, Great Britain and the U. S. The current study aims to replicate the research in two different cultural settings, the Netherlands, and a former-socialist country, Hungary. Implicit Leadership Theories and Gender Although the number of female managers has significantly increased in the last decades, it is still behind the balanced representation that has already been achieved in the higher education. This is especially true for top management positions (Nagy, 2001). Whereas the number of female managers was 15% in Hungary in 2004 based on the data presented by Kienbaum Kft. , in Netherlands this number was 25% in 2002 according to the of the Emancipatiemonitor 2004. Academics seeking for explanation of this phenomena identified several different groups of reasoning. Costa, Terracciano and McCrae (2001) mention two different sets of explanation in their study. The biological theories draw historical and evolutionary reasoning for the differences between the two sexes. Due to biological reasons, such as childbirth, women hold more nurturing characteristics than men. On the other hand social psychological theories argue that most gender differences are due to the adoption of gender roles of a particular culture. According to these explanations these differences might be the reasons for the unequal distribution of management between the two genders. Nagy (2003) mentions three sets of explanations, called gender, organization, and system. Gender refers to the unequal expectations, stereotypes and prejudice held by all levels of the society towards women. According to this explanation, instead of considering the actual performances of individuals, the stereotypes are the determinants in women’s promotion to managerial positions. Organization refers to the fact that the number of women in top management is very slight, as a result they tend to suffer from tokenism. They are held as a token of their gender, they are placed in the light and evaluated more critically than usual. Gender and organization interact with each other in the limited career opportunities for women, and are supported by the social and institutional system as well. Wajcman (1988) identified two potential explanations in her influential book on female managers. One of them is the limited human capital pool of women to fulfill the managerial role. According to the human capital theory women, by voluntarily choosing child caring activities, invest less in their human capital. As a result, they lack the necessary qualifications to be promoted to managerial positions. This set of explanation has been falsified by the fact that women participate in higher education on the same level with men, and their occupational aspirations are similar to that of the other gender. Despite these findings, the previously mentioned gender gap in management still exists. Furthermore, as Wajcman explained, evidence shows that women need to outperform men in order to get promoted. The other group of theories focus on personality traits, cognition, behaviors, and individual attitudes towards the job. According to this theory, the managerial role by its nature better fits to men than to women. This set of explanation gave birth to a large number of studies. The first experiments of Schein (1973, 1975) found that both male and female respondents viewed management in male terms. She concluded based on her results that the stereotype of men better fitting to managerial roles might be a major barrier for women to get promoted to managerial positions. The replication of the study in 1989 by Brenner, Tomkiewicz and Schein, however, showed different results. Male respondents still stereotyped management as being a masculine occupation, however female respondents perceived that men and women were equally likely to possess traits necessary for successful management. Since the previously mentioned studies were all U. S. based, Schein and Muller repeated the survey in different cultural settings. The research was carried out in 1992 in Germany, Great Britain and U. S. Findings showed that sex typing of the managerial position largely diverge among the countries. In Germany, where the number of female managers is very low in comparison to the other two countries studied, female respondents sex type management almost as much as male respondents do. On the other hand female respondents in the U. S. , where a large increase in female participation in management has been achieved, do not sex type management. These results show a significant progress in sex typing in the U. S. however the leader role is still viewed stereotypically in masculine terms especially by male respondents. As a result, women may not be considered for promotion to managerial positions as often as men are, even though they might possess the same characteristics and social capital. While studying personality traits and behavior as a possible cause for the limited number of women in managerial positions, some concerns have been brought whether women manage differently from men. Studies of this question present contradictory results. Van Engen (2001) described in her book the wo different sets of arguments academics represent. According to the first view women manage differently from men, men using more task-oriented, while women using more people-oriented style. The findings of van Engen also supports this view. She found that men tend to use more masculine, while women more feminine type of leadership. However, only 1% of the variance in the leadership styles could be explained by gender differences. On the other hand researchers favoring the similarity position state that men and women manage in similar ways. Nagy and Wajcman both found evidence for this view. Based on the findings of Nagy (2001) the values of both male and female managers are very close to each other, rather favoring the masculine leadership style. She claimed in her study that instead of making a distinction between masculine and feminine values in management, one should only focus on general managerial values. In a similar study carried out in 2003 Nagy failed to find difference in the leadership style of the two genders again, since both groups claimed to have participative values. On the other hand, still a large proportion of respondents stated that there is a distinguishable masculine and feminine type of leadership. This finding shows the strong presence of sex stereotypes towards managers. The research carried out by Wajcman (1988) shows very similar results. She found that individual differences within the groups of men and women managers far more outweight the differences found between the two groups. She concluded that there is no such thing as feminine leadership style, rather women adopt to the requirements and characteristics of the male management style. She found furthermore that sex role stereotyping was very strong even despite the lack of actual differences. These stereotypes, as described earlier, are one of the primary reasons for the limited number of women in managerial positions, especially on the top. However, this limited number of female leaders is not only an effect, but a cause of inequality as well. The previously mentioned studies showed that men tend to possess more sex stereotypical views towards female managers than women do. If men, guided by their perceptions, are likely to act in a way that preserves male domination and advantages, male supremacy in managerial positions can be a primary cause of workplace inequalities (Wajcman, 1988). Getting to managerial positions is not the only difficulty women have to face during their working career. Sex segregation in the labor market not only occurs vertically leading to the glass ceiling, but also horizontally, generating occupational sex segregation (Wajcman, 1988; Koncz, 2002; Reskin Roos, 1990). Statistics show that women tend to be overrepresented in occupations of lower prestige and less salary, such as being nurses, as opposed to the overrepresentation of men among doctors. A very interesting experiment has been carried out by Williams (1989) about men and women in nontraditional occupations. She studied the state of female marines and male nurses, both occupations being highly sex segregated in the U. S. While women in the marines faced barriers of discrimination in both written and unwritten rules, male were welcomed in the nursing occupation: instead of being negatively discriminated, they were even better treated by physicians than female nurses. Findings show that even though some women get to the same positions as men, they tend to have less responsibility (Wajcman, 1988), and lower salary (Koncz, 2002) than men. Also, getting to top level or prestigious positions highly depends on one’s social networks, which is usually a men’s network. Women, because of their gender, are excluded from this chain. For instance when my father joined the Rotary Club and came home from the first meeting, I asked him about how the meeting went, what the club was about, and whom the members were. He admitted that there were no women members of the club at all. As a reason he explained that all the individual clubs had to follow certain guidelines, but besides these they were allowed to create their individual regulations. One of their rules was that women could become a member under the condition that another women member recommended her. Not surprisingly no women could make it to the membership. Hypothesis The above analysis discussed how stereotyping, and its behavioral manifestation, discrimination acts as a major barrier for women at the workplace. This might be a reason for the limited number of female managers. The current study aims to study stereotyping in the Netherlands and Hungary, two countries having different historical, cultural, social and legislative backgrounds concerning the state of women. First of all the picture on successful managers will be compared based on the data gathered in both countries. Later on the stereotypic thinking will be investigated by comparing the successful manager picture to both the male manager and female manager pictures in both countries. We suppose that the characteristics of male managers will be closer to the characteristics of the successful managers than the characteristics of female managers in the answers of the respondents. Hypothesis: it is expected that the managerial position will be stereotyped as being a male occupation in both countries. In the Netherlands the number of women working full-time is still relatively low. Due to the historically present breadwinner–based households, the very short official maternity leave and the poor state of the kindergarten system, many women choose to stay at home or work part-time. These might me the major source of sex stereotyping of the managerial positions in the Netherlands. On the other hand, the number of female managers is relatively high (25% in 2002) compared to Hungary (15% in 2004). As we could see before, this might have a positive influence on breaking the stereotypes. Furthermore, feminism, feminist organizations and women studies are very well developed and accepted in the Netherlands. This might be the reason that the Netherlands scored very high on the Gender Egalitarianism Should Be score of the GLOBE study. In Hungary, due to historical reasons, women’s contribution in the workplace equally to men has been a very wide and well-accepted phenomena. The legislative and social background has been built up accordingly, way before the Netherlands. Nurseries and kindergartens are wide-spread and well developed in order to support working mothers. Hungary also scored the highest on the Gender Egalitarianism As Is scale of the GLOBE study. These facts show that sex stereotyping should be very limited on the workplace compared to countries where these circumstances are not present yet. On the other hand the number of female managers is very low even compared to the Netherlands, feminism and women studies are almost nonexistent phenomena in the Hungarian society, and traditional sex roles are still strongly present in the everyday life of people. All in all, we could see that certain trends and institutions already exist in both countries that would promote the disappearance of sex role stereotyping in the managerial positions. On the other hand it is also clear that some forces – although they are completely the opposite of each other in the two countries – still support the stereotyping viewpoint in both Hungary and the Netherlands.

Neanderthal-Homo Sapiens Hybrid Essays - Pleistocene, Stone Age

Neanderthal-Homo Sapiens Hybrid Essays - Pleistocene, Stone Age Neanderthal-Homo Sapiens Hybrid Implications of Neanderthal-Homo Sapiens Hybrid from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) In a recent excavation at Abrigo do Lagar Velho in Portugal, Duarte et al (1999) unearthed what was later to be recognized as early human skeletal remains which pointed to interbreeding between Neanderthal and Modern Humans during the mid - upper Palaeolithic transition. The morphology of the remains, belonging to a child of approximately 3-4 years old, indicates a Neanderthal typology in post-cranial features, and more modern cranial features. The find has been cited as evidence of hybridization between the two traditionally separate human lines, and offers an explanation to the question of Neanderthal extinction. (Trinkaus 1999) Anthropologists are now offered a line of evidence pointing to the contemopranity of Moderns and Neanderthals in parts of Europe and assumptions can be made about their contact: The discoverersare making a ground-breaking claim, that the skeleton shows traces of both Neanderthal and modern human ancestry, evidence that modern humans did not simply extinguish the Neanderthals, as many researchers had come to think. Instead the two kinds of human were so alike that in Portugal, at least, they intermingledfor thousands of years. (Kunzig, 1999) By examining the theories of human evolution, and looking at the cultural evolution of tool technology as well as the biological transitions and differences between the two types of humans, we can see that this hybridization just might be the answer. Perhaps this find will be able to tell us what exactly did happen to the Neanderthals. Firstly, it is useful to have an overview of the different theories of human evolution, or I should say the two most widely accepted views as accepted by palaeo-anthropologists in the field. For some years now it has been the contention that the origins of modern humans stem from either a continuous evolution from archaic to modern humans in local regions from an earlier dispersal of Homo erectus, or conversely from modern humans evolved in Africa only which then dispersed to replace those hominids in said regions. These two theories are known as the Continuity or Regional model and the Replacement or Out of Africa model respectively. The fossil (skeletal) and cultural (technological) evidence thus far has pointed to convincing arguments on both sides, which proponents are quick to defend. Neanderthals can be distinguished from anatomically Modern Humans by the presence of prominent brow ridges, low forehead, occipital bun, facial prognathicism, large nasal aperture, and shorter, sturdier skeletal features most notably, distinguishing them from Moderns who were taller and had longer limbs, higher foreheads, lass prominent browridges and rounder skulls. It should be noted that the cranial capacities of both were comparable, with the Neanderthals being even slightly larger. (Klein: 1989) Many proponents of a regional theory claim that such morphological differences show a continuity and depending on how they are viewed can be seen as evidence of variation within a species, not distinct species. This would mean that the Neanderthal morphology developed as an adaptation to the colder glacial climate of Europe and elsewhere. (Wolpoff:1980) From a replacement standpoint however, these differences in morphology are too distinct to be variables on a theme and in conjunction with dates provides evidence supporting that view. (Mellars and Stringer:1989) Neanderthals occupied Europe and the Middle East during a time range usually agreed upon as ranging from roughly 130 kya - 35 kya to as recent as approx. 26kya. Modern populations are seen as early as 100kya in the Middle East and around 40 kya in Europe. At some sites in the middle east, both populations lived in very close proximity to one another for what is thought to be a time range of about 40 000 years. (Akazawa et al:1998) Recent developments in genetic studies have begun to open new lines of evidence in the relatedness of Neanderthals to current modern human populations. By studying the genes of both, we can compare the similarities and differences and calculate whether the two are close enough to say there is a relation or not. This line of research had been theory mostly because the skeletal remains on record had no organic material available from which to extract genetic material (i.e.: collagen in the bone). DNA from a Neanderthal specimen would be able

Proof reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proof reading - Essay Example The system I developed is more suitable for hot-dry climate area. Now I am looking forward to expanding my experience by getting relevant employment.   I have completed two years job contract as a project engineer for Knowledge Transfer Partner (KTP) Association; this was a joint program between Cooper Technology and University of Nottingham. I have handled a project with a budget of ?200,000, which entailed designing and manufacturing of a new unbound material tester which called Precision Unbound Material Analyzer (PUMA). I carried out this project by myself; starting from market awareness, project management, designing and manufacturing of the product to testing the product, promotion and selling of the product. My educational background is in engineering only, however with the help of my KTP job I have had the opportunity to learn management as well. This opportunity was provided by KTP when they enrolled me in a number of training courses including those for project management , marketing, finance and leadership, software package training course, etc. I have had the opportunity to learn the process to request the UK Patent for the PUMA. Currently, the UK Patent Application No. of the PUMA is 1014471.5.

Gene Silencing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gene Silencing - Essay Example In this research, review of literature pertaining to gene silencing and development of cancer was conducted. The articles were retrieved from PUBMED using suitable terms. Qualitative analysis of the results proved that gene silencing plays a significant role on the development of various cancers. It can thus be concluded that gene silencing through alteration of certain components of tumor suppression genes is one of the means of development of cancers and further research in this aspect may provide information for early detection and novel management of cancers. The soaring rates of cancer has made experts extend their research to ascertain various changes in DNA of certain genes. This is with an intention to know the various mechanisms of evolution of each type of tumor. Understanding of the development of tumor helps in the radical detection of cancer. Recent reports have suggested the importance of both genetic and epigenetic events in the evolution of cancer1. Extensive research has led to the discovery of gene silencing and its role in cancer progression. Various screening methods for cancer with respect to genetic alterations, which are available as of now are not universal tumor markers and thus early detection becomes difficult2. Research has shown that certain alterations like hypermethylation of certain parts of the gene the gene promoters, cause silencing of tumor suppression and this mechanism can be used for universal screening . Currently, further research is in progress to use gene silencing as a molecular marker for early de tection of cancer. Gene silencing is one of the mechanisms of gene regulation during which the expression of gene is either interrupted or suppressed at transcriptional or translational levels. For the past 30 years, researchers have been working on manual methods of gene silencing as a mode of treatment for some diseases. Current research has identified the role of gene silencing in the development of certain

Social Worker Within The Welsh Context

Social Worker Within The Welsh Context Social work is a profession established to promote and secure the wellbeing of families, children, adults and the surrounding communities. Social work in Wales is regulated under the guidance and legislation of the Care council for Wales. This guidance is governed by a code of practice which all Social workers are to adhere too. Anyone choosing to use the title social worker is required to be registered with the care council for Wales, or any other council for other countries within the UK. The Care council for Wales states that the purpose of the code is to set out the conduct that is expected of social care workers and to inform service users and the public about the standards of conduct they can expect. (WAG, 2012:5) These guidelines allow all social workers to have a clear understanding of their role and what is expected of them. The aim of this assignment is to discuss the role and task of the Social worker, effectively showing an understanding of ethical issues, and anti-oppres sive practice within Welsh context. The role of the Social worker is often formed by the needs of the individual service user or family. Social workers play a leading role in providing safety and protection to adults and children. However the role will at times have to be adapted in order to fully meet the individual service users needs. Some roles carried out by the Social worker could possibly include being a counsellor, advocate, caseworker, manager of care, a person of social control and being able to work effectively as part of a mulit-disciplinary team. Each of these roles will require a number of different skills, Such as being an effective communicator, having the ability to recognise and regard diversity, and make effective risk assessments. The social worker needs to be able to respect the service user irrespective of their reasons for necessitating a social worker. Parallel with these the Social worker will need to have values and admiration for ethnicity, gender, class, culture, religion, age, sexuality or ability. In doing all of these social workers have a number of Acts and Laws in which they must obey, such as All Wales Framework for the Assessment of Children in need etc. . The Laws are regulations which enable the social worker to carry out their role and tasks in a positive way allowing for empowerment, change, and anti-oppressive practice and to tackle matters of oppression. The policies and legislation provide mandate for practice. Alongside the role of the social worker is the task of the social worker. The role of the social worker may require a wide variety, in terms of the range of tasks needing to be carried out. Some of these tasks could include supporting the parents/s to develop and enhance parenting skills, supporting the service user to become financially dependent- in order for them to reduce the possible risks of falling into poverty, and encouraging and supporting the service user back to work and employment. This is just to name a few of many tasks carried out w ithin the role of a social worker. Social workers are to practice anti-oppressive practice whilst working with service users, this is intended to enable them to resolve any problems and overcome barriers being faced by the service user. Dominelli. (2002) states that Anti-oppressive practice seeks to eliminate oppression within professional practice as well as contribute to its eradication within the broader society (:83) Dominelli (2002) then goes on to suggest that being clear about their principles, value base and ethical orientation will help individual practitioners in the decision-making process where and how they will direct their work (:84) In keeping with clear principles and ethical issues and taking into account the code of ethics as set by BASW which states that, (2012) Respect for human dignity, and for individual and cultural diversity Value for every human being, their beliefs, goals, preferences and needs. One of the principles that is important in respecting a service users needs and rights is that so cial workers within Wales implement the use of the Welsh Language Act 1993 this is one example of where laws between England and Wales are noticeably different in social work. In coinciding with this Act, the Welsh Language is proposed to have equal status. Whilst differentiating ethical issues, it became apparent that a service user has a right to decide what language their social worker uses, therefore, as stated by Davies (1994) Principles for anti-oppressive practice in Wales: 1. A service user has the right to choose which language to use with a worker; 2. Language is more than a means of communication: it is an essential part of a persons identity; 3. People are able to express themselves more effectively and comfortably in their language of choice; 4. Good practice means offering users real language choice; 5. A comprehensive and quality service in Wales means a bilingual service. (:60) Refusing this service can be recognised as a way of oppressing an individual. This assignment has discussed and researched some of the areas of social work, such as the role and task of the social worker. It became apparent that the role of the social worker and the area in which they practice will provide the outline of the tasks they will be required to carry out. There is a great importance of values, and the need to adhere the policies and regulations is clearly paramount in all areas and practice of social work. The assignment has then gone on to identify the difference in regulations and policies within Wales and England, and the importance of anti-oppressive practice, Likewise recognising the rights of the service user, and the need to respect these rights. Finally the assignment went onto show an understanding of the need to be aware of ethical practice.

Project Report on Kmf, Dharwad by Samarth

2. INDUSTRY PROFILE 2. 1 INTRODUCTION DAIRY INDUSTRY IN INDIA Dairy enterprise is an important occupation of farmer. In India nearly 70% of the people depend on agriculture. It is the backbone of India. Dairy is linked with agriculture industry to a large extent. Animal husbandry in India is an essential part of agriculture. It is mainly a rural occupation closely associated with agriculture. 2. 1. 1 DEVELOPMENT OF DAIRY INDUSTRY IN INDIA During the Pre-independence year there was no serious stress given to dairy industry.In 1886 the Department of Defense of the British Government established the dairy farms for the supply of milk to the British troops in Allahabad. Later, in 1920 serious steps were taken by Mr. William Smith, an expert in dairy forming to improve the milk production There was discrimination done to the Indians hence this led to the rise of the first milk union in India. In Lucknow in 1937 called the Lucknow milk producer’s Co-operative union Ltd. In 1946 AMUL (Anand Milk Udyog Ltd) was started in Gujarat to bring up the economic stability of villagers.When the farmer Prime Minister Lal Bahaddur Shastri visited the functioning as it was rendering a social service to the society, which helped the villagers to come in the national economic stream. The dairy and Animal Husbandry received serious attention after the independence. There were lots many of progressive steps taken by the government through five year plans. This led to the formation of National Dairy Development Board in 1965 & thus in 1970 he decided to Bring a â€Å" White Revolution† throughout the country, Initially 10 states were selected were for this purpose excluding Karnataka.In Karnataka in 1974 an integrated project was launched to restructure and reorganize the dairy industry on Co-operative principle of AMUL and to lay foundation for new direction in dairy industry. INDIAN DAIRY INDUSTRY PROFILE India's high-value, high-volume market for traditional dairy prod ucts and delicacies is all set to boom further under the technology of mass production. This market is the largest in value after liquid milk and is estimated at US $3 billion in India. More and more dairy plants in the public, cooperative and private sectors in India are going in for the manufacture of traditional milk products.This trend will undoubtedly give a further stimulus to the milk consumption in the country and ensure a better price to primary milk producers. Simultaneously, it will also help to productively utilize India's growing milk surplus. Milk production in India increased from 17 million tons in 1950-51 to 89. 6 million tons in 2007-08. India has rapidly positioned itself as the world's largest producer of milk. Producing milk in rural areas through smallholder producer cooperatives and moving industrially-processed milk from these smallholder sources to urban demand centers became the cornerstone of government dairy development policy.This policy initiative gave a boost to dairy development and initiated the process of establishing the much-needed linkages between rural producers and urban consumers. The performance of the Indian dairy sector during the past three decades has been truly impressive. Milk production grew at an average annual rate of 4. 6 percent during the 1970s, 5. 7 percent during the 1980s, and 4. 2 percent during the 1990s. Despite its being the largest milk producer in the world, India's per capita availability of milk is one of the lowest in the world, although it is high by developing country standards.The per capital availability of milk expanded substantially during the 1980s and 1990s and reached about 226 grams per day in 2003-04 the per capita consumption of milk and milk products in India is among the highest in Asia, but it is still growing. It is still below the world average of 285 grams per day, and also the minimum nutritional requirement of 280 grams per day as recommended by the Indian Council of Medical R esearch (ICMR). Several factors have contributed to increased milk production. First, milk and dairy products have cultural significance in the Indian diet.A large portion of the population is lacto-vegetarian, so milk and dairy products are an important source of protein in the diet. The demand for milk and dairy products is income-responsive, and growth in per capita income is expected to increase demand for milk and milk products. Despite the fact that dairy production in India is widespread throughout the country and overwhelmingly carried out by small-scale producers, there are still large interregional and interstate variations in milk production.Roughly two-thirds of national milk production comes from the states of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and Haryana. However, there have been some shifts in milk production shares of different states. In 2001-02, Uttar Pradesh was the largest milk producer in the country, with ab out 16. 5 million tons of milk, followed by Punjab (8. 4 million tons), Rajasthan (6. 3 million tons), Madhya Pradesh (6. 1 million tons), Maharashtra (6 million tons), and Gujarat (5. 6 million tons).The eastern region is lagging behind in terms of dairy development, and imports milk from surplus areas in the West and North. 2. 1. 2 INDIAN DAIRY INDUSTRY PROFILE The annual milk production is presently 92 million tones, contributing around Rs. 1000 billion to the GDP. Provides assured and remunerative employment round-the-year to 60 million families. The dairy animals make a substantial contribution to household food security by providing income, quality food, energy, fertilizer and assets in over majority of the rural households in India.The Animal Husbandry is the single largest contributor under the agriculture sector which provides a remunerative employment round the year at a very small investment. The dairy animals make a substantial contribution to household food security by providing income, quality food, energy, fertilizer and assets in over majority of the rural households in India. These livestock keepers are constrained by poor animal health and veterinary services, lack of feed and fodder, water, milk handling, chilling, etc. Besides, there has been lack of infrastructure facilities such as good roads and access to markets, etc.The livestock keepers also lack access to advanced technologies as well as proper institutional support system. The result is that both the production and productivity remain well below its potentials. Thus the losses and wastages continue to remain high. Adapted breeds and local feed resources although available, but need proven technology supports in its preservation and processing. Such support would substantially improve production and productivity, which would result in higher income for the livestock keepers.One of the problems faced by India is unemployment, despite the rapid growth rate. The problem is more acute in rural educated and marginally educated youths, who have no alternative but to migrate to urban areas. Due to automation in various core sectors, the employment opportunities have dwindled considerably whereas the service sector has its own limitations, especially the high investment cost per job created. In this context, the dairy industry offers a plausible opportunity of creation of self-employment with minimum investment.There is a scope for doubling the present milk production, which can be achieved with marginal investment, such a step would not only enhance milk production and productivity, but also would create millions of additional jobs. Dairying is, in fact, a supplementary activity of the marginal farmers and the landless laborers. It is therefore suggested that dairy and such other animal farming be included within the legal framework of ‘agriculture and agriculture products’. This would enable the marginal farmers and the landless agriculture laborers to b enefit from the various government incentives.Milk is no more a luxury, but essential nutritional requirements of human being. The children largely depend on milk for nutrition. Higher milk production therefore will also increase the health status of the farmers and people at large. Due to several inherent reasons, the cost of milk production is high. One of the important reasons is low animal productivity. Because of high cost, the milk and milk products are not affordable to poor strata of the society. Milk is a perishable commodity. Hence, its conversion to products, such as, milk powder, butter and cheese, etc. s necessary. Considering these factors, it is reasonable that at par with agriculture produce, the milk products be also exempted from any excise duty, sales tax and such other taxes. This gesture of the government would go a long way in accelerating the growth of the Indian dairy industry from present annual rate of around 4. 5 % to more than 9%. The conversion of excess milk to milk-products is a necessity. The basic principle here is evaporation of water which changes its physical form only, whereas there is no change whatsoever in its chemical composition.One of the reasons of higher cost of milk and milk products is the cost of packaging. To safeguard the quality and safety for human consumption, packaging of milk and milk product is necessary. The milk product manufacturing therefore should be construed as ‘processing milk for preservation’ and it should be exempted from all the taxes and duties like excise, central sales tax and octroi etc. To enhance milk production during the next five years as well as to address the issues referred in the foregoing sentences, there is an imperative need of policy support from the government on the following core areas ?Clean and quality milk production, processing and packaging ? Boost the exports of milk and milk products ? Enhance milk production and mulch animal productivity   2. 1. 3 Ind ian Dairy: The organized sector is expanding rapidly. India’s modern dairy sector has expanded rapidly. From an insignificant 200,000 liters per day (lpd) of milk being processed in 1951, the organized sector is presently handling some 20 million lpd in over 400 dairy plants. Already, one of the world’s largest liquid milk plants is located in Delhi and handling over 800,000 liters of milk per day (Mother Dairy, Delhi).India's first automated dairy ‘Mother Dairy ‘ has been established at Gandhi agar near Ahmadabad, Gujarat, in Western India and its capacity is capacity is 1 million lpd. It is owned by India’s biggest dairy cooperative group, in Anand, with an annual turnover in excess of Rs 23 billion (US $500 million). Amul-III with its satellite dairies, with total installed capacity of 1. 5 million lpd has also been commissioned. India's first vertical dairy (capacity: 400,000 lpd), owned by the Pradeshik Cooperative Dairy Federation (PCDF) has be en commissioned at Noida, outside DelhiDairy is a place where handling of milk and milk products is done and technology refers to the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. In India, dairying has been practiced as a rural cottage industry since the remote past. Semi-commercial dairying started with the establishment of military dairy farms and co-operative milk unions throughout the country towards the end of the nineteenth century. The Indian Dairy Industry has made rapid progress since Independence. A large number of modern milk plants and product factories have since been established.These organized dairies have been successfully engaged in the routine commercial production of pasteurized bottled milk and various Western and Indian dairy products. With modern knowledge of the protection of milk during transportation, it became possible to locate dairies where land was less expensive and crops could be grown more economically. 2. 2 DAIRY INDUSTRY PROFILE †¢ Human population: 953 million (70 million dairy farmers) †¢ Milk production: 74. 3 million tonnes (203. 5 million lpd) †¢ Average annual growth rate (1995-2000): 5. 6% Per capita milk availability: 214 g/day or 78 kg/year †¢ Milk animals: 57 million cows; 39 million buffaloes: †¢ Milk yield per breed able bovine in-milk: 1,250 kg †¢ Cattle feed production (organized sector): 1. 5 million tonnes †¢ Turnover of veterinary pharmaceuticals: Rs. 550 crores †¢ Dairy plants throughput: 20 mlpd Specific features of dairy in relation to marketing in developing countries The dairy industry in the developing countries has a number of specific features which distinguish it from the other sectors of agriculture and have particular implications for marketing.First, milk consists of over 85% water, and produced daily. Consequently, high costs of transportation are incurred per unit of output marketed. Also, milk being highly perishable, it needs to be used wit hin a short period or processed and transformed into a more stable, longer-storable form. The quality of milk depends on farm management practices, and milk is potentially subject to adulteration, so strict and comprehensive quality regulations may be necessary when marketing involves more than direct delivery by producers to consumers.Second, the vast majority of the dairy farmers are small-scale producers, who produce milk as a source of regular cash income. Dairy production is a labor-intensive enterprise, and dairy marketing activities often provide substantial employment. However, because of asset fixity (high percentage of fixed costs), dairy enterprises often respond to market changes and incentives in a limited and gradual way. Third, milk can be used to make a wide range of high quality palatable and nutritious products, which often imply substantial value added over the cost of the raw material.When production and consumption points are far apart and demand increase rapidl y, processing of dairy products becomes very important. Fourth, as a consequence of the above features of milk and the market vulnerability of its producers, cooperatives may assume a strong position in milk processing. A survey by the International Dairy Federation in 1984 revealed that in 21 developed countries together accounting for 55% of the world's milk supply, producer cooperatives marketed 86% of total sales of milk from farm to the first handler.In some of these countries, cooperatives also handled 80-90% of the total processing activity. It may be noted that the history of development of dairy cooperatives in these countries are not always similar. However, in most developing countries, dairy producer cooperatives and cooperative processing are either non-existent or very weak. The need for cooperatives in these countries is driven by the need to capture some economies of scale in transportation and processing where numerous small producers are scattered far away from the consumption centers.In many countries, this gap has been filled by establishment of parasitical dairy enterprises for collection and processing of milk to promote domestic dairy. In most cases, these enterprises ended up processing subsidized imported dairy products, neglecting the rural dairy sector. The monopolistic character of these enterprises often led to inefficiency thus they failed to serve the interests of domestic producers and consumers. Weaknesses in physical and marketing links between rural producers and urban processors and consumers are among the major constraints to dairy development in the developing countries.It is important to be aware of and understand how such constraints can be addressed in order to devise mechanisms that can transfer growing urban demand into increased livestock production. Inadequate infrastructure and inefficient marketing may lead to increased transactions costs and/or market failure. By better understanding these costs and identifying t he ways of reducing their impact, policy prescriptions can be made to promote economic development by fostering production and trade. 2. 3 NATIONAL DARIY DEVELOPMENT BOARD: 2. 3. 1 History:The NDDB was founded to replace exploitation with empowerment, tradition with Modernity, Stagnation with growth, transforming dairy into and instrument for the development of Indian’s rural people. The NDDB was established in 1965; the board is registered under the Societies Registration Act and the public Trust Act, fulfilling the desire of the Prime Minister of India – the late Lal Bahaddur Shastri to extend the success of the Kaira Co-operative Milk producers union (AMUL) TO OTHER PARTS OF India. Dr Vergese Kurien was the founder chairman.The success combined the wisdom & energy of farmers with professional management to successful capture liquid milk and milk product markets while supporting farmer’s investment with inputs and services. In 1969, when the Government of Indi a approved the Operation Flood programme and it’s financing through the monetization of World Food Programme-gifted commodities, it was found that the statutes under which NDDB was registered did not provide for handling of government funds. Therefore, in 1970 the government established a public-sector company, the Indian Dairy Corporation.The IDC was given responsibility for receiving the project’s donated commodities; testing their quality; their storage and transfer to user dairies and receiving the dairy payments. Thus it served as finance-cum-promotion entity while the entire Operation Flood technical support was provided by NDDB. To avoid any duplication in their activities or overlap of functions, the IDC and NDDB were eventually merged into a newly constituted NDDB by an Act of Parliament passed in October 1987. 2. 3. 2 The Growth: NDDB began its operations with the mission of making dairying a vehicle to a better future for millions of gross roots milk produce rs.The mission archived helped to launce ‘’Operation Flood’’, a programmed extending over 26 years and with the help of World Bank Loan India become the world’s largest milk producing country. As per March 2001 India’s 96000 Dairy Co-operative are integrated thorough a three Tier Co-operative structure. The Anand pattern, which is owned by more than 10 million formers, procures an average of 1605 million liters of milk every day. The milk is processed and marketed by 170 milk producers’ co-operative unions which, in turn own 15 state co-operative milk marketing federation.Since its establishment the dairy development board has planned and spearheaded India’s Dairy programmer by placing dairy development in the hands of milk producers and the professionals they employ to manage their co-operatives. In addition, NDDB also promotes other commodity based co-operative, allied industries and veterinary biologically on an intensive and nationwide basis. 2. 3. 3 Objectives of NDDB: ? To sponsor, promote, manage, acquire, construct or control any plant or work, which promote projects of general public utility relation to dairying. To make information available on request to technical services to increase production of Milk. ? To prepare initial feasibility studies of dairying and other dairy related projects and undertake subsequent designing planning and start up those projects. ? To undertake research and development programmed related to production and marketing of milk and milk products. ? To provide assistance for exchange of information to other international agencies. 2. 3. 4 Services rendered by NDDB: †¢ Planning dairy and rural development projects. †¢ Organization of farmer co-operative societies. Setting up of dairy and cattle feed plants. †¢ Manpower planning and training. †¢ Applied research and development. †¢ Implementation of milk production enchantment programmed. 2. 3. 5 O bjectives of the study: The objectives of the study were; 1. To study the overall functioning of the organization with help of organization structure. 2. To know about the milk procurement and processing. 3. To study about the area of operation and channels of distribution system. 4. To study their marketing Plans and sales promotional activities. 3 COMPANY PROFILECOMPANY NAME: Dharwad Co-operative Milk Producers Union Ltd. Lakkammanahalli, Industrial Area. P. B Road Dharwad-580004 NATURE OF BUSINESS : Mfg / Service / Semi-agro based Co-operative Unit. TYPE OF OWNERSHIP : Co-Operative Unit. TEL-NO : 0836-2467643, 2461876, 2468380. RAW MATERIAL Milk : 85,000 LPD Water 5 to 6 lack liters/day Coal 4 to 5 tones. CAPACITY OF PLANT: 2, 00,000 Liter’s / Day 12 Tones milk powder, 10 T Butter, 6 T Ghee. FINISHEDPRODUCTS: Milk, Butter, Ghee, Gurtz, Peda, Milk powder, Ice creams, Curd, Lassi, Khova. TOTAL INVEST: 7 Crores TOTAL SOCIETIES AT VILLAGE LEVEL : 460 Societies 3. 1 BOARD OF DI RECTORS 1. Shri B N Arabgond. Chairman 2. Dr M N Venkatramu. Managing Director 3. Shri N S Asuti. Director. 4. Shri G M Morbad. Director. 5. Shri A M Desai. Director. 6. Shri S M Hadagali. Director. 7. Shri R N Davagi. Director. 8. Shri U M Hegade. Director. 9. Shri G G Hegade. Director. 10. Govt Dept Officers. 5 Members. 11. Govt Nominated. 3 Members. KARNATAKA MILK FEDERATION (KMF) [pic] 3. KARNATAKA MILK FEDERATION: The first dairy in Karnataka was started in Kudige in Kodagu district in 1955, further in June 1974; an integrated project was launched in Karnataka to restructure and reorganize the dairy industry on the co-operative principle and to lay foundation for a new direction in dairy development. In 1975, the World Bank aided dairy development was initiated. The present Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF) came into existence in 1984-as a result of merging of Karnataka Dairy Development Co-operation, small co-operatives and Karnataka Milk Production Development and loose vendors .At the end of the March 1998, the network of 8023 Diary Co-operative Societies (DCS) have been established which are spread over 166 taluks of the total 175 taluks in all 28 districts of Karnataka. There are 13 Milk Unions and Dharwad Milk Union (DMU) is one among them. There are 35 Chilling centers, 3 Farm coolers, 15 Liquid milk plants and 2 Product dairies for chilling, processing, conservation and marketing of milk. To supply cattle feed there are 4 cattle feed plants. To ensure supply of quality germ plasma Bull breeding farm and frozen semen bank are also available. 3. 2. 1 Karnataka co-operative Milk Producers’ Federation Limited (KMF)KMF is the apex Body in Karnataka representing Dairy Cooperatives. It is the third largest dairy co-operative amongst the dairy co-operatives in the country. To impart training, institutes at Bangalore and regional training institutes at Dharwad and Gulbarga are functioning. Three nitrogen plants (2 plants of 25 CPM and 1 plant of 5 CPM) are been set-up to supply nitrogen, which is used for Refrigeration purpose. Three diagnostic centers have been set-up for monitoring diseases: three fodder farms at Rajkunte, Kuttanahalli and Kodagu have been set-up to supply good quality of fodder and seed production farm at Shahapur has been set-up.The federation giving details of the latest technology in dairy industry etc is published ‘’Ksheer Sagar’’ magazine monthly. 3. 2. 3 UNITS OF KMF: KMF has the following Units functioning directly under its control: ? Mother Dairy, Yelahanka, Bangalore. ? Nandini Milk Products, KMF Complex, Bangalore. ? Cattle Feed Plants at Rajanukunte/Gubbi/Dharwad/Hassan. ? Nandini Sperm Station (formerly known as Bull Breeding Farm & Frozen Semen Bank) at Hessaraghatta. ? Pouch Film Plant at Munnekolalu, Marathhalli. ? Central Training Institute at KMF Complex, Bangalore. ? Quality Control Lab at KMF Complex, Bangalore.List of Co-operative Milk Producers’ Societies Union: [pic] KMF is a co-operative apex body in the state of Karnataka for representing dairy organizations and also implementing dairy development activities to achieve the following objectives. †¢ Providing assured and remunerative market for all the milk produced by the farmer members. †¢ Providing hygienic milk to urban consumers. †¢ To build village level institutions in co-operative sector to manage the dairy activities. †¢ To ensure provision of milk production inputs, processing facilities and dissemination of know-how. To facilitate rural development by providing opportunities for self-employment at village level, preventing migration to urban areas, etc. 3. 2. 4 FUNCTIONS OF KMF: †¢ Co-ordination of activities between the unions. †¢ Developing the markets for the increasing in milk production. †¢ To make the brand ‘’Nandini’’ as a house hold name. †¢ Excellence in quality is to be maintained to lay a solid foundation for wide Spread acceptance of ‘’Nandini’’ products. †¢ To increase the market share of ‘’Nandini’’. THE GROWTH PROCESS: The growth over the years and activities undertaken by KMF is summarized briefly hereunder: Growth of KMF   Descriptions |  Units |1976-1977   |2009-2010 | |  Dairy Co-operatives |  Nos   |  416 |11063 | |  Membership  Ã‚   |  Nos |  37000 |1956163 | |  Milk Procurement  Ã‚   |  Kgs/day |  50000   |3025940 | |  Milk Sales  Ã‚   |  Lts/day |  95050   |2129790/curd:1. 7LKPD | |  Cattle Feed Consumed   |  Kgs/DCS   |  220 |3010 | |  Daily Payment to Farmers   |  Rs. Lakhs   |  0. 90 |342 | |  Turnover   |  Rs. Crores   |   |2707. 00 | Source: DHARWAD MILK UNION [pic] Dharwad District Co-operative Milk Producer’s Societies Union Ltd. The Union was established in the year 1986 under the Operation Flood 2 and 3.The Union a lso later took over in 1988 the Milk Products Factory with a drying capacity of 2. 10 Lakh Litres per day, earler established by the Karnataka milk Products Limited (GOK Undertaking). The Union covers the districts of Dharwad, Karwar, Haveri, and Gadag, and has chilling centres at Gadag, Haveri, Sirsi,, Ron, Nargund, Hirekerur, and Kumta with chilling capacity of 1. 20 Lakh Litres Per Day. The Union procures and sells on an average 0. 92 Lakh per Day and 0. 59 Lakh Liters Per Day respectively. There are 7 Bulk Milk Coolers in the Union.Apart from selling milk, I sells pure buffalo milk and produces very thick 250gm Curds in mud pots specially designed for this namely â€Å"KUDIKE MOSARU†, the famous Dharwad Peda, Butter in bulk as well as in retail packs and in 10 gm chip sets, Ghee, Skimmed Milk Powder and Paneer. Establishment: The Dharwad Milk Union is Co-operative society among the 13 establishments, under KMF: The Dharwad Milk Union (DMU) is one of the most modern plants in the country. It is located in the spacious 25 acres of land, located in Lakamanahalli Industrial Area; adjacent to the National Highway-4. It is patterned the AMUL Milk Dairy, Gujarat.NATURE AND BUSINESS CARRIED: The Nature of Dharwad Milk Union is that procuring the Milk from societies. And that milk will be bringing through tankers for various chilling centers those, which are near and convenient to various societies. The Union processes the milk and market in urban area through by various agents. The Union providing service to milk producer's technical inputs like veterinary services, seeds, fodder etc. and also by giving training to farmer and also induction program. The Union strengthening of milk cooperative movement, organization of extension activities and the rural development services.The Union also owns and operates the dairy plant cattle feed plant; fodder and bull mother forms, semen collection station, and herd quarter center for animal husbandry activities. The Un ion also takes research, development and also other promotional activities for the overall benefit of the farmer. The Union providing various product to market like toned milk, standard milk, full creamed milk, double toned milk, homogeneous standard milk, along with cheese curd, ghee, peda also providing. This is the nature and business carried of the Shivamoga milk Union. 3. 3 VISIONS MISSION AND QUALITY POLICY:VISION STATEMENT OF DMU ? Total quality ? Honesty ? Discipline ? Cleanliness ? Transparency ? Sincerity and dedication ? Co-operation free of politics ? Sovereignty ? Respecting each other's, opinions, ideas & feelings. MISSION STATEMENT OF DMU: Dharwad Milk Union is committed to provide maximum possible price for the milk supplied by its members and provide necessary inputs to enhance milk production while ensuring economic viability of the Union and is also committed to provide quality milk products to consumers and emerge as one of the top most milk union of the co-opera tive dairy industry in the country.At DMU we Endeavor to satisfy the taste and nutritional requirements of the customers. Through excellence in marketing by DMU committed team, DMU are committed to offering quality products that provide best value for money. PUNCH LINE: â€Å"FRESH AND PURE â€Å" DMU QUALITY OBJECTS AND QUALITY POLICY: QUALITY OBJECTS: 1) To develop the quality consciousness among all the producers or employees of the union. 2) To implement the cost reduction in each stage of collection processing and distribution. 3) Make every one aware of the every conservation in dairy. ) To maximize the customers complaints and achieve customer satisfaction. 5) To set goals or targets at all levels to achieve continuous improvement. 6) To train our workman from time to time for exposure to advanced technology for efficient operations. 7) To provide adequate infrastructure facility for improving the work environment. INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES: Infrastructure facilities in DMU , they have these won chilling center and they can distribute milk with the capacity of covering the 11 routes and the capacity is 2, 00,00LPD. Other facilities like: ? Security facilities Canteen facilities ? Shift: Three shift per day. ? Manual punching card and computer entries will be there DHARWAD DISTRICT CO-OPERATIVE MILK PRODUCERS SOCIETIES UNION LIMITED. Further in 1988, the Raipur Dairy and Chilling Center, setup in 1968, also came under the union. In 1989, the training center, which was controlled by KMF, came under Dharwad Milk Union. DMU was Rs. 7 crore Projects of which Government has Rs. 2Crosre of share capital and authorized capital of DMU is Rs. 5crore. DMU formed 551 milk producer's co-operative societies in Dharwad, Gadag,and Haveri and Uttar Kannada districts.The production capacity of DMU is 2lack liters of milk per day and also has the capacity to produce 12tones of milk powder, 10tones of butter, and 6tones of ghee per day. DMU is collecting 85 thousand liter s of milk per day from its societies and sells 60 thousand liters of milk per day and the remaining milk is used for producing milk products. History: A group of experienced officers, appointed by the Karnataka Milk Federation surveyed the whole of Dharwad districts (includes two newly formed district Gadag and Haveri) and Uttar Karnataka. Further they found out there as a need for a Milk Dairy.They traveled the surrounding villages, educated the villagers about Milk and Milk Products and the benefits they would get from the Milk Dairy. Seeing the overwhelming response and untapped resources and the huge market the Federation decided to setup the Milk Union in 1984, known as the DHARWAD DISTRICT CO-OPERATIVE MILK PRODUCERS SOCIETIES UNION LIMITED Further in 1988, the Raipur Dairy and Chilling Center, setup in 1968, also came under the union. In 1989, the training center, which was controlled by KMF, came under Dharwad Milk Union. Functions of DMU:The main function of DMU is to procu re milk from villagers and pay them the right price. †¢ To educate the villagers about milk and its quality. †¢ To make ‘Nandini' as a part of daily life. †¢ To provide good quality of cattle feed, fodder, veterinary aid seeds, etc. , to the villagers. †¢ To see that the DCS's are carrying out their activities properly and in an efficient manner. †¢ To see that the milk is brought from DCS's to the chilling centers in the prescribed time. †¢ To look the accounts of the DCS's supervise the purchase process and market the milk and milk products. Objectives of DMU: Providing hygienic and good quality of milk to the consumers. †¢ To build the economic strength of the milk producers in villagers. †¢ To eliminate middlemen's in the business so that the milk producers receive their appropriate share of bread. †¢ To educate the villagers about the adulteration of milk and its harmful effect on the body. †¢ To see that every citizen bec omes healthy by consuming good quality of milk. †¢ To make villagers self-viable and build self image. GOALS OF THE DMU †¢ Generating employment opportunity for rural mass †¢ Procurements of good milk †¢ Supplying quality milk to the customer in the city for appropriate priceProcess at DMU: The milk collected at DCS's is brought to the center through carriers, trucks etc. The quality and quantity of milk bought is checked at the Reception center by a supervisor. A sample of milk is taken and is tested in a laboratory for fat content, Solid Not Fat (SNF) acidity etc. As the milk is at room temperature it is to be brought down to 4 °C to 5 degree C. So that it may check the growth of bacteria. To ensure this milk is passed through a chilling chamber where the milk is chilled. Its temperature is bought down and then the milk is stored in a tank called as â€Å"Ram Milk Tank†.From this tank the milk is pumped to a pasteurizing cell where the milk is heated u p to 72 °C and 15 seconds, so that all the bacteria and microorganisms may be killed and then the milk is simultaneously cooled to 4 °C to 5 degree C and is stored in a â€Å"Pasteurized Milk Tank† . PRODUCT PROFILE Milk Products 1. Nandini Toned milk: Nandini Toned Fresh and Pure milk containing 3. 0% fat and 8. 5% SNF. Available in 500ml and 1litre packs. 2. Nandini Homogenized toned milk: Nandini Homogenized Milk is pure milk which is homogenized and pasteurized. Consistent right through, it gives you more cups of tea or coffee and is easily digestible. . Full cream milk: Full Cream milk. Containing 6% Fat and 9 % SNF. A rich, creamier and tastier milk, Ideal for preparing home-made sweets & savories . 4. Good life: Cow's pure milk, UHT processed bacteria free in a tamper-proof tetra-fino pack which keeps this milk fresh for 60 days without refrigeration until opened. Available in 500ml Fino and in 200ml Bricks. 4. Nandini Ghee: A taste of purity. Nandini Ghee made fro m pure butter. It is fresh and pure with a delicious flavor. Hygienically manufactured and packed in a special pack to retain the goodness of pure ghee.Shelf life of 6 months at ambient temperatures. Available in 200ml, 500ml, 1000ml sachets, 5lts tins and 15. 0 kg tins 5. Nandini Curd: Nandini Curd made from pure milk. It's thick and delicious. Giving you all the goodness of homemade curds. Available in 200gms and 500gms sachet. 6. Nandini Peda: No matter what you are celebrating! Made from pure milk, Nandini Peda is a delicious treat for the family. Store at room temperature approximately 7 days Available in 250gms pack containing 10 pieces each. 10. Butter: Rich, smooth and delicious. Nandini Butter is made out of fresh pasteurized cream.Rich taste, smooth texture and the rich purity of cow's milk makes any preparation a delicious treat. Available in 100gms (salted), 200gms and 500gms cartons both salted and unsalted. Product Processing Milk may be defined as the whole, fresh, cl ean, lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy milk animals, excluding that obtained within 15 days before or 5 days after calving or such periods as may be necessary to render the milk practically colostrums-free and containing the minimum prescribed percentages of milk fat and milk-solids-not-fat.In India, the term ‘milk', when unqualified, refers to cow or buffalo milk, or a combination of the two. [pic] PRODUCT PROCESSING [pic] SOURCE: DHARWAD MILK UNION |Status |A co-operative society registered under the Co-operative act 1959 | |Nature of Business |Procuring and Marketing of Milk Production and Sale of Milk Products | |Share Capital |5 corers Approx. |Plant Capacity |2 Lakhs Liters / day | | |Milk Powder 12 MT /Day | | |Butter 10 MT / Day | | |Ghee 6 MT / Day | |Milk Chilling Centers and Capacity |Gagad 20000 LPD | | |Haveri 20000 LPD | | |Hirekerur 20000 LPD | | |Naragund 8000 LPD | | |Ron 10000 LPD | | |Sirsi 20000 LPD | |Karwar pac king unit |The milk in bulk is sent for packing and distribution at Karwar Which supplies and | | |need of Karwar, Gokama, Honnavar, Bhatkal, Murdeshwar and Goa | Present Value of Activity |Collection of Milk 85000 LPD | | |Sale of Milk 70000 LPD | |Area of Operation |Dharwad, Haveri, Gadag, Uttar Karnataka, Goa Parts of Maharashtra | |Board of Directors |Elected Member 8 | | |Ex-Officers 5 | | |By Govt. 3 | |Total Workers |383 Workers |Location |Lakamanahalli Industrial Area, Dharwad | |Department |8 | |Brand Name |Nandini | |Products |Milk | | |Toned Milk, Standard Milk, Shubham Milk | | |Milk Products | | |Butter, Ghee, Peda, Curd, Lassi, Paneer, Milk Powder | |Co-operative Societies at Village Level |460 Societies | 3. 4 LAYOUT OF COMPANY: This is the plant existence in industrial area lakkamanahalli in PB Road. [pic] STRATEGIES OF DMU The Dharwad Milk Union has the following set of strategies, which will be formulated every year. The present year has the following strate gies. The strategies are formulated with the help of KMF and NDDB and the union members.Below are the strategies set for this year. STRATEGIES OF PROCUREMENT AND INPUT DEPARTMENT: †¢ To establish 10 new unions in this year. †¢ Aims at procuring an average of 70,000 liters of milk. †¢ Aims at establishing 15 Artificial Insemination Centers in village units. †¢ Aims at marketing 6080 metric tons of â€Å"Nandini† fodder for cattle. †¢ Aims of setting up of 1296 Veterinary Treatment Camps. †¢ Aims at providing Vaccination to 50,000 cattle against Food and Mouth Diseases. †¢ Making more milk to powder this year. STRATEGIES OF ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT †¢ To Check Labor absenteeism. †¢ To take actions against in-disciplined workers. †¢ To reduce the intake daily workers for petty jobs. Aims at helping the employees to become more responsible towards their work. STRATEGIES OF PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT Aims at processing an average of 1. 10 lakh liters of milk daily Aims at producing | Tons | Products | | 1338 | Milk powder | | 245. 74 | Butter | | 857. 24 | Bulk Butter | | 135. 52 | Ghee | | 48. 22 | Peda | | 19. 6 | Paneer | | 537. 24 | Curds | There have been plans set to reduce the SNF and FAT content in the milk so as to protect the quality of the milk. STRATEGIES OF THE MARKETING DEPARTMENT †¢ Aims at marketing the above products through proper Distribution Channels. †¢ Aims to conduct 52 Consumer Awareness Programs and various Seminars. †¢ Aims at conducting 10 wholesalers' retailers meeting. †¢ Aims at setting 10 Exclusive NANDINII Milk Parlors. †¢ Aiming to set up new advertisements strategies like putting up of hoardings. †¢ Distributing Pamphlets, contests etc. †¢ Price list of milk and milk producs. SL |Product’s name |Net Amt |Commission |MRP | |1 |Toned Milk/Liter |24. 12 |0. 88 |25. 00 | |2 |HTM/ltr |25. 09 |0. 91 |26. 00 | |3 |HCM/ltr |27 |1. 00 |28. 00 | |4 |Curd 500gm |14 |1. 00 |15. 0 | |5 |Butter Milk 200ml |4 |1. 00 |5. 00 | |6 |Peda/250 gm |39. 00 |6. 00 |45. 00 | |7 |200 ml Ghee |54. 55 |5. 45 |60. 00 | |8 |500 ml |180. 90 |18. 10 |199. 0 | |9 |1000 ml Ghee |250 |30. 00 |280. 00 | |10 |S. F. M/ bottle |14. 47 |2. 53 |17. 00 | |11 |Jamoon mix/ 200gm |44. 64 |5. 36 |50. 00 | |12 |Mysore pak/ 250 gm |66. 97 |8. 03 |75. 0 | |13 |Paneer/kg |217. 39 |32. 61 |250. 00 | |14 |Butter 500gm |126. 79 |15. 21 |142. 00 | NANDINI PRODUCT DETAILS AND RATE (NMP PRODUCTS) |Sl No. |Product Name |Maximum Price of Sale | | |Badam Powder 200 gm Tin/Kg |250. 00 | | |Badam Powder 200 gm Tin/Kg 50. 00 | | |Badam Powder 10 gm Tin/Kg |300. 00 | | |Mysore Pak 250 gm/Kg |280. 00 | | |Mysore Pak 250 gm pack |70. 00 | | |Jamoon Mix 200 gm / Kg |250. 00 | | |Jamoon Mix 200 gm / pack |50. 0 | | |SFM Bottles |14. 00 | | |Milk 200 Ml Pack (Tetra Pack) |14. 00 | CHAPTER – 2 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENTS ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE [pic] Organization structure is the skeleton of the organization. It prescribes the formal relationship among various position and the activities. Arrangements about reporting, relationship, how an organization member is to communicate with other members, what roles and procedures exist to guide the various activities performed by the members of all parts of the organization structure.Organization structure plays a vital role in achieving the organizational goals. Organization structure should be properly designed to facilitate the smooth functioning of the organization. Organization structure of Dharwad milk union consists of BOD’s at the top. Then president, under whom is the Managing Director. He is the person who is responsible for smooth functioning of the organization. After Managing Director there are managers and Deputy Mangers of various departments who are responsible and accountable for the activities of their respective departments. There are subordinates, supervisors and employees who are directly linked with department managers. DEPARTMENTS OF DMU: 1. PURCHASE DEPARTMENT:It is a sub-department, which comes under Finance Department. The main work of this department is to purchase various materials required by different department. After ascertaining the stock position by stores department and indent is sent by different department duly approved by the Managing Director. This department act to purchase materials. It also maintains records of all the suppliers calls for Tenders, quotations etc. Quotations with lowest rate are sanctioned. Purchase up to 50,000 can be made by Purchase Department. If the purchase amount is more than 50,000, then the approval of Managing Director. STRUCTURE:- The structure of Purchase Department is as shown: QUALITY CONTROL DEPARTMENT:In DMU, at every stage, care is taken to ensure that the customer gets the products, which have a very high quality. Hence there is a separate department called Quality Department. Where the quality testing is done. There is a separate laboratory for this. Quality control is very essential as to maintain the freshness of the milk. All the containers, pipes and other equipments are washed with hot water before starting off with new production. There are many tests conducted here. The packed milk we get will have undergone 3 quality tests. First test is done on raw milk, which we get from chilling center. Next before standardization and the last test before packing. The other tests conducted are: TEST |REASON | | Temperature | Should be below 5 degrees | | Clot on Boiling | If mill curdles soon after boiling milk is | | |Rejected | | Acidity Test | To test the extent of acidity | | Alcohol Test | To check the heat stability of milk | | Lactometer | To check the density of milk | | Fat test | Percentage of fat determined | | SNF Test | Percentage of SNF determined for pricing SNF=CLR+FAT/4 | 2. PRODUCTION PROCESS AND DEPARTMENT: The main objective of this department is to follow up production schedule as per plan and to maintain close and co-ordinate relationship with other department and ensures to upgrade the technical efficiency of production. Milk, as it is highly perishable product has to process immediately to avoid spoilage milk with respect to its flavor, texture and taste. Production department is well equipped and has various types of highly sophisticated machines imported from Sweden and Denmark.Once the milk is received from P & I department, it is first weighed with the help of weighing bowl. Later, it is poured in dump tank. Sample testing is made through lactometer reading and other tests. The fat and SNF content of each sample of milk is accessed the cow and buffalo's milk are separately received and sent to the production section separately through two different stainless steel pipes. Later, the raw milk is passed through plate chiller of variable capacity where it is cooled up to 4-5 degrees Celsius. This cooled raw material is further stored in a silo of 30,000 liters capacity. PURPOSE OF CHILLING: This is done to avoid the growth of microorganisms, which are responsible for spoilage of milk and bitter taste.The milk, which is stored in silos, is pumped through pipeline to the balance tank, which helps to maintain the steady speed flow of milk in the Pasteurization machine. In, DMU there are 2 milk Pasteurization machine and 1 Cream Pasteurization machine. PURPOSE OF PASTEURIZATION: Pasteurization is a process where milk is heated to high temperature and cooled instantly, to destroy any microorganism. The pasteurized milk will stored in Pasteurized milk silos and then sent to pre-packing section. Packing is done in 500ml and 1000ml and stored in cold storage at 7 °. PASTEURIZATION OF CREAM: The milk in bulk is taken to the cream separator. Here, the, cream is separated.The cream is passed through cream Pasteurization Unit. This cream is sent to Butter Section. The milk with no fat is skimmed milk. Th is skim milk ‘is pumped back to Pasteurization Unit and heated to 72 ° using steam and chilled to 4 ° using chilled water and stored silos. This skimmed milk is sent to powder section. The pasteurize cream is mixed in portion to pasteurized milk. CURDS: Raw milk is heated to 90 ° and allowed to cool to 30 °. Later culture is added to it and packed; the curd is formed in the packet itself. It is stored and packed in 200gms and 500gms. BUTTER: The cream, which is stored in cream refining tank, is taken to the churning section where it is churned.Here butler fat and buttermilk are separated. The vacuum pump removes excess of moisture and butter comes out of continuous butter making machine (capacity – 1500 kgs/hour). Butler is packed in 100, 200 and 500 gms and also in 10, 25 gms, these are stored in deep freezer room with temperature – 22 ° and if the order of salt butter they mix the salt water with cream and other process is same. GHEE: There are 2 Ghee Boiler of capacity 1500 kgs/batch. A Butter of 2. 5 tons is melted and is brought to Ghee Boiler. Here it is heated to 116-117 degree Celsius for 15 minutes so that the residue is allowed to settle down and Ghee is passed to setting tank through clarifiers.Later Ghee is allowed for cooling (at 30 °-40 °) and packed in Tin of Liter, 500 ml and 200 ml of pack and kept in the cold storage. PANEER: If there is excess of milk, then, Paneer is been made. The milk is heated to 900 for 15-20 minutes. Glacial acetic acid is added to milk and then milk is strained through fine muslin cloth. The solid potion is retained and is put in water and then it is put in chilled water and left overnight. Later it is packed and stored in cold storage. MILK POWDER: When there is excess of milk. Milk powder is made. The capacity of the powder plant is 12 tons. There are two sections – Evaporator and Spray Drier through which milk is converted to Milk Powder. In Evaporator, milk is boiled for 55  ° at high vacuum.Milk is concentrated to drier 40-45% of milk is solid, moisture is removed and the milk power obtained consists of 4% moisture. PEDHA: Dharwad is famous for its delicious Peda. DMU has separate Peda section. About 80 Liters (depends upon the demand) is heated continuously for 3 hours till the milk is semi-solid, later sugar and other ingredients are added and stirred continuously on low flame. Later it cooled and it is shaped in small balls and packed. The milk produced here is differentiated by the content of fat and SNF |TYPE |FAT |SNF | |Toned ‘Milk |3. 1% |8. % | |Standard Milk |4. 5% |9% | |Shubham Milk |6% |9% | |Full Cream Milk |5. 1% |9% | The below table gives a brief idea of the milk products, their fat SNF, moisture Content: |PRODUCT |FAT |SNF |MOISTURE | |Butter |83% |1% |16% | |Ghee |99. % |- |0. 2% | |Pannier |20% |30% |50% | The production department has the following structure: Package of milk: The company has three machines with double head ; six persons for packing the milk. The milk is heated from 70-80 degree temperature and compressed air for filling of milk. Total workers in this department are 24. Liquid milk weight in grams a) 200 ml=208 +/-3 gms b) 500 ml=517 +/-3 gms c) 10,00 ml=1034 +/-5 gms Curds weight: †¢ 200 gms = 202 +or- †¢ 500 gms = 503+or-2Film length: a) 200 ml= 100 mm b) 500 ml= 150 mm c) 1000 ml= 230 mm While packaging of milk. The crate is washed from 3 to 5 degree temperature and then the milk is set in crate and the milk is stored in cold room. The temperature of cold room is 2 to 5 degree Celsius. 3. PROCUREMENT AND INPUT DEPARTMENT: Input required per day: Milk procurement up to 85000 liters 5 to 6 lakh liters of water 10,000 units of electricity 4 to 5 tones of coal Generator in case of electricity failure and manpower Quality Control: At different stages of production the officer from the Quality Control department keeps verifying the quality of the products frequently.Any defects or unconformity to standards is immediately reports and necessary measures are taken to correct them. It is only that after the approval of this department the goods can be dispatched to the market. Waste materials are sent to Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP). The buttermilk liquid containing a small percentage of fat content is sold to the soap manufacturers, otherwise it is sent to a special tank with agitator rotating in it. Different chemicals are used and sterilized fresh water is released for agricultural purpose. Caution is taken with regard to the height of the chimney to avoid air pollution. Steam plant: In various steps of production for instance melting of butter to ghee etc. steam is required. This steam is produced in steam production plant where coal is used for this purpose. Everyday nearly 4-5 tones of coal are required. The ash is sold to the brick manufacturer. THE STRUCTURE OF P&I DEPARTMENT: Procurement and input department is play a vital role in the DMU. In any a ny milk union this department handles the procurement of the milk required amt to the production process. FUNCTIONS OF P&I: †¢ Procurement of milk from milk producer’s co-operative societies. †¢ Establishment of milk producer’s co-operative societies. †¢ Encouraging farmers to produce more milk. †¢ Provide fair price to the good quality milk. PROCUREMENT OF MILK:Daily procurement of DMU is 80,000 liters/day on average. Procurement of milk seasonally variated from September – December the milk productivity is high and in summer it is low. M Milk collection process Milk procurement process has done all the 365 days and two times a day and procuring milk routes through transportation. DMU making Rs11 for cow milk and Rs13. 50for buffalo milk as minimum and other rate will depend on the SNF and FAT. After the chilling the milk is loaded and brought to the near by union. Once milk brought to the union it is rechecked for quality, quantity, freshne ss and then it sent for the further production process.If the milk is spoilt in transit it brought to the notice of concerned society, in case of away society if the milk is spoilt due to carelessness/delay of the driver it is brought to the notice to the contractor who is responsible for the loss. ESTABLISHMENT OF DAIRY CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES:- This is the important task carried by the P&I dept, societies are established in villages. There should be a min 50 members from societies and there should surplus of 75 liters of milk collection per day. There should be localities should produce milk from buffalo or cow or both, there is cheap elected from members who has ability to run a society successfully he is responsible for selling the shares to the formers who contributed from the societies. Share of Rs100 each should be allocated a society should gather an Rs20, 000 from the society.After registration, a commencing a general body meeting will held with 9 members who are influential and knowledgeable elected becomes director of the societies two as take as secretary and tester. It is the duty of secretary to maintain all records and ledgers of dairy transactions. The tester verifies quality of the milk a sheet a send with the carrier. PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITIES:- This dept takes some promotional activities to increase the rate of production of the milk. †¢ Veterinary services to keep up the good health of cattle through a) Regular health Camps b) Emergency service round the clock c) First aid, Vaccination, Infertility Camps, Fodder †¢ Artificial Insemination facilities for improvement of Cattle breed. Facilitating Training Programs regarding management of Cattle. †¢ Supply of Fodder to the cattle. PRICE TO THE PROCURED MILK:- | |Fat content |SNF |Price/Liter | |Buffalo. |6% |9% |12. 60RS | |Cow’s Milk. |3. 5% |8. 5% |9. 75Rs | The price given below is based on the SNF and Fat 4. STORES DEPARTMENT: STRUCTURE:- The stores department in DMU foll ows the Cordex System (Coded Control System). A card is maintained for each item and a number is allotted.The card attached to each article consists of amount balance, date of issue, purchase etc. this is later recorded in separated ledger book. The inventors are of different kind ranging from mechanical, spares, packing items to animal drugs, and stationary and veterinary drugs. There are at least 4000 different inventories. This department has the following services: It tries to maintain maximum and minimum level of inventory so as to avoid blockage of capital and storage. Ordinary and local available commodities are maintained at minimum possible level. Items of urgent and not easily available are stored sufficiently for further demand. Finished Goods Stores Department:The FGS department has the following structure Finished Goods Stores: This department acts as an interface between production and Marketing Department. It is concerned with maintenance of finishes goods connected r ecords. It receives all the finished goods and issues the stock to marketing department as per indents. It ensures that the goods are maintained properly with respect to quality. Accounts are maintained and daily and monthly report is submitted to the production. Marketing and Finance Department, as the products as perishable first-in-first-out method of inventory is followed 5. FINANCE DEPARTMENT: The structure of finance Department is as shown:This Department is responsible for keeping all the inward and outward flow of money of union. It prepares budget every year and fi